[Reading level: C1 – Advanced]
Africa is on the verge of being declared polio free, after three years without any recorded cases of the disease, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Nigeria marked three years without a polio case, a “major milestone”. If no more incidences emerge in the next few months, Africa could officially be declared polio free in 2020. The last case was recorded in Borno state in August 2016.
Dr Matshidiso Moeti, the WHO regional director for Africa, said: “We are confident that soon we will be trumpeting the certification that countries have, once and for all, kicked polio out of Africa.”
She added that stopping the disease has not been easy and praised the “monumental effort” of health workers “on an unprecedented scale”. She said exhaustive surveillance of people on the move was a significant factor in the progress.
In 2012, 200 children in Nigeria were affected by polio, which can cause paralysis and life-long health complications. The number made up more than half of all global cases.
Those affected were particularly concentrated in the north-east of the country, where Boko Haram activity had made consistent access for health workers difficult. The group now controls far less territory.
Renewed political commitment was evident from 2015 when President Buhari was shown personally giving one of his grandchildren vaccine drops, declaring that his administration would do “all within its powers to ensure that no Nigerian child is ever infected with polio again”.
Nigeria and neighbouring countries have held multiple vaccination campaigns in locations from markets to border points to boost the immunity of the local population and prevent the virus spreading. Dr Pascal Mkanda, head of polio for WHO Africa, highlighted the increased use of technology to gather accurate data on whether the target population was really being reached.
Nigeria’s progress on polio has not been without setbacks. Having reduced cases to 202 in 2002, there was a spike of 1,122 by 2006 when immunisation campaigns in the north of the country had to be suspended following unfounded rumours about the safety of the oral polio vaccine. Having redoubled its campaign, progress against the disease was again threatened by insecurity in the north-east.
While WHO experts celebrated the achievements of the past three years, they underlined that political will and funding will need to be sustained, and all children under five need to be protected. Moeti called on member states to sustain their vigilance in surveillance to maintain their polio-free status.
To reach full polio-free certification, a team of independent experts have to assess surveillance systems across the continent, ensuring no cases are missed and there are no gaps in monitoring.
Despite the progress in halting outbreaks of wild poliovirus, several countries on the continent are still contending with the rarer vaccine-derived polio virus, which can occur in communities without full immunisation coverage. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, currently dealing with an Ebola outbreak, is one of the countries in which this form of cases has risen since the last year.
The virus is still endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and will need to be eradicated there before the world can be declared polio free.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/aug/21/major-milestone-africa-on-brink-of-eliminating-polio
WORD BANK:
on the verge of /vɜːdʒ/ (pre): trên bờ vực gì, sắp sửa làm gì
polio /ˈpəʊ.li.əʊ/ (n): bệnh bại liệt
milestone /ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/ (n): cột mốc
emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ [B2] (v): xuất hiện
trumpet sth /ˈtrʌm.pɪt/ (v): tuyên bố điều gì một cách đầy tự hào
once and for all [C2] (adv): một lần và mãi mãi
monumental /ˌmɒn.jəˈmen.təl/ (adj): to lớn
unprecedented /ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/ [C2] (adj): chưa từng thấy
exhaustive /ɪɡˈzɔː.stɪv/ [C1](adj): toàn diện
surveillance /səˈveɪ.ləns/ (n): sự giám sát
paralysis /pəˈræl·ə·sɪs/ (n): bại liệt
complication /ˌkɒm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ [C1] (n): biến chứng
consistent [C2] (adj): kiên định, nhất quán
commitment /kəˈmɪt.mənt/ (n): cam kết
immunity /ɪˈmjuː.nə.ti/ (n): khả năng miễn dịch
setback /ˈset.bæk/ [C1] (n): thất bại
spike /spaɪk/ (n): mức tăng vọt
suspend /səˈspend/ [C1] (v): đình chỉ
unfounded /ʌnˈfaʊn.dɪd/ (adj): vô căn cứ, thất thiệt
rumour /ˈruː.mər/ [B2] (n): tin đồn
oral /ˈɔː.rəl/ (adj): thuộc về miệng, qua đường miệng
underline /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪn/ [B2] (v): nhấn mạnh
will /wɪl/ [B2] (n): ý chí
sustain /səˈsteɪn/ [C2] (v): duy trì
call on sb to do sth [C1] (v): kêu gọi ai làm gì
vigilance /ˈvɪdʒ.əl.əns/ (n): sự cảnh giác
halt /hɒlt/ (v): ngăn chặn, dừng
outbreak /ˈaʊt.breɪk/ [C2] (n): sự bùng phát
contend with sth /kənˈtend/ (v): đối phó với cái gì
vaccine-derived (adj): có nguồn gốc từ vắc-xin
endemic /enˈdem.ɪk/ (adj): (bệnh) lây nhiễm (trong một khu vực nhất định)
eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ [C2] (v): diệt trừ, loại bỏ
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