On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum. Friends and neighbors exchanged news and gossip while simultaneously attending to more … urgent business. These public latrines could sit up to 20 Romans at a time, draining waste in water conduits below.
Today, most cultures consider trips to the restroom to be a more private occasion. But even when going alone, our shared sewage infrastructure is one of the most pivotal inventions in the history of humanity.
While many ancient religious texts contain instructions for keeping waste away from drinking water and campsites, waste management took a more familiar shape as early as 3000 BCE.
Ancient Mesopotamian settlements often had clay structures made for squatting or sitting in the most private room of the house. These were connected to pipes which used running water to move waste into street canals and cesspits.
Water infrastructure like this flourished in the Bronze Age, and in some parts of the Indus Valley, nearly every house had a toilet connected to a citywide sewage system. Ancient Cretan palaces even offered a manual flushing option.
Researchers can’t say for certain what inspired these early sewage systems, but we do know that waste management is essential for public health.
Untreated sewage is a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms, including those that cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
It would be several millennia before scientists fully understood the relationship between sewage and sickness. But the noxious odors of sewage have recorded associations with disease as early as 100 BCE.
And by 100 AD, more complex sanitation solutions were emerging.
The Roman Empire had continuously flowing aqueducts dedicated to carrying waste outside city walls.
Chinese dynasties of the same period also had private and public toilets, except their waste was immediately recycled. Most household toilets fed into pig sties, and specialized excrement collectors gathered waste from public latrines to sell as fertilizer.
In China, this tradition of waste management continued for centuries, but in Europe the fall of the Roman Empire brought public sanitation into the Dark Ages.
Pit latrines called “gongs” became commonplace, and chamber pots were frequently dumped into the street. Castles ejected waste from tall windows into communal cesspits. At night, so-called gong farmers would load up the waste before traveling beyond city limits to dump their cargo.
Europe’s unsanitary approach persisted for centuries, but toilets themselves underwent some major changes.
By the late Middle Ages, most wealthy families had commode stools – wooden boxes with seats and lids. And in the royal court of England, the commodes were controlled by the Groom of the Stool.
In addition to monitoring the king’s intestinal health, the Groom’s … intimate relationship with the monarch made him a surprisingly influential figure.
The next major leap in toilet technology came in 1596, when Sir John Harrington designed the first modern flush toilet for Queen Elizabeth. Its use of levers to release water and a valve to drain the bowl still inform modern designs. But Harrington’s invention stank of sewage.
Thankfully, in 1775, Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming added a bend in the drainpipe to retain water and limit odors. This so-called S-trap was later improved into the modern U-bend by Thomas Crapper – though the term “crap” predates the inventor by several centuries.
By the turn of the 19th century, many cities had developed modern sewage infrastructure and wastewater treatment plants, and today, toilets have a wide range of features, from the luxurious to the sustainable.
But roughly 2 billion people still don’t have their own toilets at home. And another 2.2 billion don’t have facilities that properly manage their waste, putting these communities at risk of numerous diseases.
To solve this problem, we’ll need to invent new sanitation technologies and address the behavioral, financial, and political issues that produce inequity throughout the sanitation pipeline.
Source: TED-ED
WORD BANK:
bench /bentʃ/ (n): ghế dài
Forum /ˈfɔːr.əm/ (n): Quảng trường thời La Mã
gossip /ˈɡɑː.səp/ [B2] (v): nói chuyện phiếm
simultaneously /ˌsaɪ.məlˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/ [B2] (adv): đồng thời, cùng lúc đó
latrine /ləˈtriːn/ (n): nhà vệ sinh
drain /dreɪn/ [C2] (v): rút nước
conduit /ˈkɑːn.duː.ɪt/ (n): ống dẫn
sewage /ˈsuː.ɪdʒ/ (n): nước thải
pivotal /ˈpɪv.ə.t̬əl/ (adj): quan trọng
religious /rɪˈlɪdʒ.əs/ [B2] (adj): thuộc về tôn giáo
settlement /ˈset̬.əl.mənt/ [C2] (n): khu định cư
clay /kleɪ/ (n): đất sét
squat /skwɑːt/ (v): ngồi xổm
canal /kəˈnæl/ [B1] (n): kênh rạch
cesspit /ˈses.pɪt/ (n): hố phân
flourish /ˈflɝː.ɪʃ/ [C2] (v): phát triển mạnh mẽ
palace /ˈpæl.ɪs/ [B1] (n): cung điện
flush /flʌʃ/ (v): xả nước
inspire /ɪnˈspaɪr/ [B2] (v): truyền cảm hứng
untreated /ʌnˈtriː.t̬ɪd/ (adj): chưa được xử lý
breeding ground /ˈbriː.dɪŋ ˌɡraʊnd/ (n): nơi sinh sản
microorganism /ˌmaɪ.kroʊˈɔːr.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/ (n): vi sinh vật
cholera /ˈkɑː.lɚ.ə/ (n): bệnh tả
dysentery /ˈdɪs.ən.ter.i/ (n): kiết lỵ
typhoid /ˌtaɪ.fɔɪd (n): thương hàn
millennium /mɪˈlen.i.əm/ [C2] (n): thiên niên kỷ
noxious /ˈnɑːk.ʃəs/ (adj): độc hại
odor /ˈoʊ.dɚ/ (n): mùi (khó chịu)
sanitation /ˌsæn.əˈteɪ.ʃən/ (n): vệ sinh
emerge /ɪˈmɝːdʒ/ [B2] (v): xuất hiện
aqueduct /ˈæk.wə.dʌkt/ (n): cống dẫn nước
dedicated to sth /ˈded.ə.keɪ.t̬ɪd/ [C1] (adj): chuyên để làm gì
dynasty /ˈdaɪ.nə.sti/ (n): triều đại
excrement /ˈek.skrə.mənt/ (n – formal): phân
fertilizer /ˈfɝː.t̬əl.aɪ.zɚ/ (n): phân bón
pit /pɪt/ (n): cái hố
commonplace /ˈkɑː.mən.pleɪs/ (adj): phổ biến
communal /kəˈmjuː.nəl/ (adj): công cộng
unsanitary /ˌʌnˈsæn.ə.ter.i/ (adj): mất vệ sinh
persist /pɚˈsɪst/ [C2] (v): tồn tại
commode /kəˈmoʊd/ (n): tủ đựng đồ
stool /stuːl/ (n): ghế đẩu
lid /lɪd/ [B2] (n): nắp đậy
the royal court /ˈrɔɪ.əl kɔːrt/ (n): cung đình hoàng gia
monitor /ˈmɑː.nə.t̬ɚ/ (v): theo dõi
intestinal /ˌɪnˈtes.tɪn.əl/ (adj): thuộc về đường ruột
intimate /ˈɪn.tə.mət/ [C2] (adj): thân thiết
monarch /ˈmɑː.nɚk/ (n): quốc vương
influential /ˌɪn.fluˈen.ʃəl/ [C1] (adj): có sức ảnh hưởng
figure /ˈfɪɡ.jɚ/ (n): nhân vật
leap /liːp/ [C2] (n): bước nhảy vọt
lever /ˈlev.ɚ/ (n): đòn bẩy
valve /vælv/ (v): van
stink /stɪŋk/ (v – informal): có mùi hôi
bend /bend/ [B2] (n): đoạn uốn cong
drainpipe /ˈdreɪn.paɪp/ (n): ống thoát nước
retain /rɪˈteɪn/ [C2] (v – formal): giữ lại
predate sth /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/ (v): có trước
crap /kræp/ (n): phân
inequity /ɪˈnek.wɪ.t̬i/ (n): sự bất bình đẳng
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