This is what a macaque monkey would sound like if it suddenly proposed. “Will you marry me?”
Yeah, I hate it too. Let’s play it again: “Will you marry me?”
Now of course, that’s not a real monkey, it’s a computer simulation that was part of a study on monkey vocal tracts. And what it shows is that monkeys have a strikingly similar vocal structure to humans. But despite all these similarities, they can’t speak.
So here’s a question. Compared to monkeys, birds are nothing like us. Yet this bird’s talking to me right now. “Hello”
How?
Birds don’t have lips. They don’t have teeth, their “nose” is totally different from ours, but they do have something we don’t.
“They actually have a different kind of voice box than we do. It’s called a syrinx.”
This is Mya Thompson – She studies birds at Cornell University.
“They actually have two independent voice boxes.”
In birds, and in humans, the lower respiratory system is shaped sort of like an upside down slingshot. The top part is the trachea, or windpipe, the bottom part is the lungs, and these two pieces move air in and out.
In humans, the voice box is called the larynx, and it’s located above the trachea. It contains vocal “folds” that vibrate when air flows through to produce sound. And humans primarily shape that sound with their mouths.
But in birds, the voice box is called the “syrinx“. And it’s at the bottom of the trachea. Instead of just sending air through vocal folds like we do, birds actually control the muscles on the walls of the syrinx to shape and produce sound.
Take a look at this cardinal as it sings. You can actually see that the noise comes directly from the chest. The bird extends and shortens its neck and opens or closes its beak to refine the noise, but most of the control is actually happening in the syrinx.
It’s a powerful sound for such a small animal, but that’s not even the most impressive part: “Cardinals tend to make these “whoop” notes and they go by very very quickly. They’re able to produce more pitches than a piano in less than a tenth of a second. They’re actually switching from one side of the syrinx to another seamlessly to make this very very incredible span of pitches.”
The syrinx also lets some birds replicate sounds with astonishing accuracy. For example, BBC Wildlife caught a lyrebird perfectly imitating a camera in the wild. And of course, some of them imitate us.
Parrots are born communicators. From the start their brains are wired for speech. “So when they’re first hatched they’re learning right away and they’re learning from everything around them.”
But speaking human is no easy feat. We’ve got our vowels A – E – I – O – U. Our plosives “Pocket”. And a variety of consonants – that we even sometimes struggle to enunciate clearly.
So to pull off such clarity in human speech, parrots really show off their ability to manipulate their vocal tract. Plosives, for example, require using our lips. To make up for the lack of lips, parrots use something called esophageal speech – it’s almost like burping that comes from within the trachea. The force of air replicates the plosive.
As for vowels, where we use our lips, tongue and jaw, researchers have found that parrots move their tongues forward and backward and adjust their beak opening to alter the sound.
“It seems like they are the only birds that are actually using their tongue like humans do to shape the sound that’s coming out.”
Parrots have a natural desire to communicate. In the wild they form strong bonds with their flocks, but in captivity: “the parrot forms a social bond with you and they want to communicate with you and they have the vocal anatomy to start mimicking you.”
When parrots live with us, we’re their flock and they’re determined to sing our song.
Source: VOX
WORD BANK
suddenly /ˈsʌd.ən.li/ [B1] (adv): đột ngột
propose /prəˈpəʊz/ [B2] (v): cầu hôn
simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ [C1] (n): sự mô phỏng
study /ˈstʌd.i/ [B2] (n): nghiên cứu
vocal tract (n): đường âm thanh
strikingly /ˈstraɪ.kɪŋ.li/ (adv): ấn tượng
similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlær.ə.ti/ [B2] (n): điểm tương đồng
voice box (or larynx) /ˈvɔɪs ˌbɒks/ (n): thanh quản
syrinx (n): minh quản (chim)
independent /ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənt/ [B2] (adj): độc lập
lower respiratory system (n): hệ thống (đường) hô hấp dưới
slingshot /ˈslɪŋ.ʃɒt/ (n): súng cao su
trachea (or windpipe) /trəˈkiː.ə/ (n): khí quản
lung /lʌŋ/ [B2] (n): phổi
vocal folds (or vocal cords) /ˈvəʊ.kəl fəʊldz/ (n): dây thanh âm/dây thanh đới
vibrate /vaɪˈbreɪt/ (v): rung
produce /prəˈdʒuːs/ [B1] (v): tạo ra
primarily /praɪˈmer.əl.i/ [B2] (adv): chủ yếu
muscle /ˈmʌs.əl/ [B2] (n): cơ
cardinal /ˈkɑː.dɪ.nəl/ (n): chào mào đỏ/lửa
extend /ɪkˈstend/ [B2] (v): kéo dài
beak /biːk/ [C1] (n): mỏ chim
refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ [C2] (v): tinh chỉnh
powerful /ˈpaʊə.fəl/ [B1] (adj): quyền lực
impressive /ɪmˈpres.ɪv/ [B2] (adj): ấn tượng
pitch /pɪtʃ/ (n): cao độ
switch /swɪtʃ/ [B2] (v): chuyển đổi
seamlessly /ˈsiːm.ləs.li/ (adv): mượt mà
incredible /ɪnˈkred.ə.bəl/ [B2] (adj): đáng kinh ngạc
span /spæn/ (n): khoảng thời gian
replicate /ˈrep.lɪ.keɪt/ (v): sao chép
astonishing /əˈstɒn.ɪ.ʃɪŋ/ [B2] (adj): ấn tượng
lyrebird /ˈlaɪə.bɜːd/ (n): chim thiên cầm
imitate /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/ [C1] (v): bắt chước
communicator /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪ.tər/ (n): người/vật truyền tin
wired /waɪəd/ (adj): được kết nối
hatch /hætʃ/ (v): nở (trứng…)
easy feat (idiom): điều dễ dàng
vowel /vaʊəl/ [B1] (n): nguyên âm
plosive /ˈpləʊ.sɪv/ (n): âm bật
consonant /ˈkɒn.sə.nənt/ [B1] (n): phụ âm
struggle /ˈstrʌɡ.əl/ [B2] (v): gặp khó khăn
enunciate /ɪˈnʌn.si.eɪt/ (v): phát âm
pull off sth (PhrV): thành công trong việc làm cái gì đó khó hoặc ngoài mong đợi
show off sth (PhrV): thể hiện cái gì
manipulate /məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/ (v): điều khiển
require /rɪˈkwaɪər/ [B1] (v): yêu cầu
make up for sth [B2] (PhrV): bù đắp cho cái gì
esophageal speech (n): giọng thực quản
burp /bɜːp/ (n/v): tiếng ợ, ợ
jaw /dʒɔː/ [B2] (n): hàm
researcher /rɪˈsɜː.tʃər/ [B2] (n): nhà nghiên cứu
adjust /əˈdʒʌst/ [B2] (v): điều chỉnh
alter /ˈɒl.tər/ [B2] (v): thay đổi
desire /dɪˈzaɪər/ [B2] (n): khao khát
form /fɔːm/ [B2] (v): hình thành
bond /bɒnd/ [B2] (n): sự liên kết
flock /flɒk/ (n): bầy đàn
captivity /kæpˈtɪv.ə.ti/ (n): sự bị giam cầm
anatomy /əˈnæt.ə.mi/ (n): giải phẫu học
mimic /ˈmɪm.ɪk/ (v): bắt chước
determined /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnd/ [B2] (adj): quyết tâm
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