HomeSorted by levelC1 - AdvancedTwo engineering approaches to dimming the Sun

Two engineering approaches to dimming the Sun

[Reading level: C1 – Advanced]

As climate change continues to drive up global temperatures, scientists are exploring a range of solutions to limit the amount of heat the Earth absorbs from the Sun. Two of the most prominent approaches are marine cloud brightening and stratospheric aerosol injection—techniques that fall under the field of Solar Radiation Management (SRM), also known as solar geoengineering.

 

According to MIT Technology Review, solar geoengineering refers to the deliberate intervention in the Earth’s climate system to reduce the impacts of global warming. Rather than cutting greenhouse gas emissions, this approach aims to reflect a portion of incoming sunlight back into space to cool the planet.

 

One of the techniques being studied is marine cloud brightening. According to the BBC, this method uses ships to spray seawater into low-lying clouds over the ocean, making them brighter and more reflective. Simulations suggest that if seawater were sprayed over a large area—covering around 4% of the ocean surface near the equator—the cooling effect could extend across the globe.

 

However, because the Earth’s atmospheric and ocean circulation systems are extremely complex, brightening clouds may not produce only positive effects. Climate models indicate that the technique could cool sea surface temperatures in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean while also disrupting rainfall patterns in South America, increasing the risk of drought in the Amazon rainforest. Even so, on a small scale, scientists at Southern Cross University in Australia have tested the method to protect and cool coral reefs during periods of extreme heat.

 

In addition, researchers are developing stratospheric aerosol injection. Aerosols are tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air that can originate from either natural or human-made sources. This technique involves releasing artificial aerosols, such as sulfur dioxide, into the stratosphere—the layer of the atmosphere extending from roughly 10–20 km up to about 50 km above the Earth’s surface. These particles would reflect part of the Sun’s incoming radiation back into space, thereby helping to lower global temperatures.

 

To produce a significant cooling effect, millions of tonnes of sulfur dioxide would need to be released into the stratosphere. A well-known example is the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, during which about 15 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide entered the atmosphere, causing the global average temperature to fall by more than 0.5°C.

 

However, sulfur-containing aerosols remain in the atmosphere for only a few years, meaning the cooling effect is temporary. In addition, computer simulations suggest that stratospheric aerosol injection could cause substantial warming at an altitude of around 15 km over the tropics, potentially altering large-scale weather patterns.

 

To turn this technology into reality, researchers are simultaneously developing specialized aircraft and searching for suitable materials. Aerospace engineer John Langford, founder of the U.S. startup Iris Aero, is designing an unusual unmanned aircraft called the IR-1, featuring an enormous wingspan attached to a short fuselage. This distinctive design would enable the aircraft to fly thousands of metres higher than commercial jetliners and carry materials into the stratosphere at an altitude of around 20 km.

 

Once it reaches the required altitude, the aircraft would release materials capable of reflecting sunlight back into space. According to estimates, a fleet of about 270 aircraft could disperse roughly one million tonnes of material each year—enough to reduce the global average surface temperature by approximately 0.26°C.

 

According to Langford, the IR-1’s initial commercial application is to monitor and forecast wildfires. However, by replacing one set of equipment with another, an upgraded version would provide more cargo space and greater thrust, allowing it to monitor how materials disperse throughout the stratosphere and observe the resulting changes in atmospheric conditions. Equipped with two Rolls-Royce engines and capable of carrying nearly 7,000 kg of payload, the aircraft would feature a removable storage tank that allows additional material to be loaded between flights while preventing chemical-related corrosion. According to SRM360, Langford and his team have completed the initial design and are now carrying out more detailed technical and cost analyses.

 

The IR-1 aircraft developed by Iris Aero – Máy bay IR-1 của Iris Aero

Alongside the development of specialized aircraft, scientists are also searching for the most effective aerosol materials. Mingyi Wang, an assistant professor of atmospheric science at the University of Chicago, is studying how aerosols form and identifying the materials that can cool the atmosphere most effectively.

 

Most existing geoengineering models examine the effects of introducing sulfuric acid into the stratosphere because this is what naturally occurs after volcanic eruptions. However, transporting and dispersing sulfuric acid at such high altitudes is both expensive and technically challenging due to the compound’s relatively high weight and sticky nature.

 

Therefore, Wang and his colleagues are conducting experiments in a cold-flow tube system to identify materials capable of producing aerosol particles of the ideal size to reflect sunlight. At the same time, the team is working to prevent newly formed particles from clumping together with existing particles in the stratosphere, which would make them too heavy and cause them to fall out of the atmosphere more quickly.

 

Source: Vnexpress

WORD BANK:

absorb /əbˈzɔːrb/ [B2] (v): hấp thụ

prominent /ˈprɑː.mə.nənt/ [B2] (adj): nổi bật

marine cloud brightening /məˈriːn klaʊd ˈbraɪ.tən.ɪŋ/ (n): kỹ thuật làm sáng mây biển

stratospheric /ˌstræt̬.əˈsfɪr.ɪk/ (adj): thuộc tầng bình lưu

injection /ɪnˈdʒek.ʃən/ [B2] (n): sự phun vào; sự đưa vào

solar /ˈsoʊ.lɚ/ [B1] (adj): thuộc Mặt Trời

radiation /ˌreɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ [B2] (n): bức xạ

geoengineering /ˌdʒiː.oʊˌen.dʒəˈnɪr.ɪŋ/ (n): địa kỹ thuật

solar geoengineering /ˈsoʊ.lɚ ˌdʒiː.oʊˌen.dʒəˈnɪr.ɪŋ/ (n): địa kỹ thuật Mặt Trời

deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.ɚ.ət/ [B2] (adj): có chủ đích

intervention /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈven.ʃən/ [C1] (n): sự can thiệp

greenhouse gas /ˈɡriːn.haʊs ɡæs/ (n): khí nhà kính

emissions /ɪˈmɪʃ.ənz/ [B2] (n): khí thải; sự phát thải

spray /spreɪ/ [B1] (v): phun

reflective /rɪˈflek.tɪv/ (adj): có khả năng phản xạ

simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ [C1] (n): sự mô phỏng

equator /ɪˈkweɪ.t̬ɚ/ [B2] (n): xích đạo

atmospheric /ˌæt.məˈsfer.ɪk/ (adj): thuộc khí quyển

circulation /ˌsɝː.kjəˈleɪ.ʃən/ [B2] (n): sự lưu thông; sự tuần hoàn

indicate /ˈɪn.də.keɪt/ [B1] (v): cho thấy; chỉ ra

disrupt sth /dɪsˈrʌpt/ [C1] (v): làm gián đoạn cái gì

pattern /ˈpæt̬.ɚn/ [B1] (n): mô hình; quy luật

drought /draʊt/ [B2] (n): hạn hán

coral reef /ˈkɔːr.əl riːf/ (n): rạn san hô

solid /ˈsɑː.lɪd/ [B1] (adj): rắn

liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ [B1] (n): chất lỏng

particle /ˈpɑːr.t̬ə.kəl/ [B2] (n): hạt

droplet /ˈdrɑː.plət/ (n): giọt nhỏ

suspended /səˈspen.dɪd/ (adj): lơ lửng

artificial /ˌɑːr.t̬əˈfɪʃ.əl/ [B2] (adj): nhân tạo

stratosphere /ˈstræt̬.ə.sfɪr/ (n): tầng bình lưu

eruption /ɪˈrʌp.ʃən/ [B2] (n): sự phun trào

temporary /ˈtem.pə.rer.i/ [B2] (adj): tạm thời

substantial /səbˈstæn.ʃəl/ [B2] (adj): đáng kể

altitude /ˈæl.t̬ə.tuːd/ [B2] (n): độ cao

alter sth /ˈɑːl.t̬ɚ/ [B2] (v): làm thay đổi cái gì

simultaneously /ˌsaɪ.məlˈteɪ.ni.əs.li/ [C1] (adv): đồng thời

unmanned /ʌnˈmænd/ (adj): không người lái

wingspan /ˈwɪŋ.spæn/ (n): sải cánh

fuselage /ˈfjuː.sə.lɑːʒ/ (n): thân máy bay

distinctive /dɪˈstɪŋk.tɪv/ [B2] (adj): đặc biệt; đặc trưng

commercial jetliner /kəˈmɝː.ʃəl ˈdʒetˌlaɪ.nɚ/ (n): máy bay phản lực thương mại

fleet /fliːt/ [B2] (n): đội; hạm đội

disperse /dɪˈspɝːs/ [C1] (v): phân tán

roughly /ˈrʌf.li/ [B2] (adv): khoảng; xấp xỉ

initial /ɪˈnɪʃ.əl/ [B2] (adj): ban đầu

commercial application /kəˈmɝː.ʃəl ˌæp.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/ (n): ứng dụng thương mại

monitor sth /ˈmɑː.nə.t̬ɚ/ [B2] (v): giám sát cái gì

thrust /θrʌst/ (n): lực đẩy

payload /ˈpeɪ.loʊd/ (n): tải trọng

removable /rɪˈmuː.və.bəl/ (adj): có thể tháo rời

storage tank /ˈstɔːr.ɪdʒ tæŋk/ (n): bồn chứa

corrosion /kəˈroʊ.ʒən/ (n): sự ăn mòn

analysis /əˈnæl.ə.sɪs/ [B2] (n): sự phân tích

compound /ˈkɑːm.paʊnd/ [B2] (n): hợp chất

relatively /ˈrel.ə.t̬ɪv.li/ [B2] (adv): tương đối

sticky /ˈstɪk.i/ (adj): dính

nature /ˈneɪ.tʃɚ/ [B1] (n): tính chất; bản chất

conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ [B2] (v): tiến hành

experiment /ɪkˈsper.ə.mənt/ [B1] (n): thí nghiệm

clump /klʌmp/ (v): kết tụ; vón cục


NG HỘ READ TO LEAD!

Chào bạn! Có thể bạn chưa biết, Read to Lead là một trang giáo dục phi lợi nhuận với mục đích góp phần phát triển cộng đồng người học tiếng Anh tại Việt Nam. Chúng tôi không yêu cầu người đọc phải trả bất kỳ chi phí nào để sử dụng các sản phẩm của mình để mọi người đều có cơ hội học tập tốt hơn. Tuy nhiên, nếu bạn có thể, chúng tôi mong nhận được sự hỗ trợ tài chính từ bạn để duy trì hoạt động của trang và phát triển các sản phẩm mới.

Bạn có thể ủng hộ chúng tôi qua 1 trong 2 cách dưới đây.
– Cách 1: Chuyển tiền qua tài khoản Momo.
Số điện thoại 0947.886.865 (Chủ tài khoản: Nguyễn Tiến Trung)
Nội dung chuyển tiền: Ủng hộ Read to Lead
hoặc
– Cách 2: Chuyển tiền qua tài khoản ngân hàng.
Ngân hàng VIB chi nhánh Hải Phòng
Số tài khoản: 012704060048394 (Chủ tài khoản: Nguyễn Tiến Trung)
Nội dung chuyển tiền: Ủng hộ Read to Lead


Lớp luyện thi IELTS online

Bạn đang có nhu cầu thi chứng chỉ IELTS cho đầu vào đại học, đi du học, xin việc hay xin cư trú và đang phân vân chưa biết học ở đâu?

Nếu bạn đang tìm kiếm dịch vụ luyện thi IELTS online với giáo viên uy tín và chất lượng, cũng như học phí phải chăng, thì thầy TrungCô Thủy (Admin và dịch giả chính của Read to Lead) có thể là một lựa chọn phù hợp dành cho bạn. 

Hãy liên hệ (nhắn tin) tới trang Facebook cá nhân của mình (https://www.facebook.com/nguyen.trung.509) để tìm hiểu về lớp học và được tư vấn cũng như được học thử nha!

RELATED ARTICLES

LEAVE A REPLY

Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here

- Advertisment -
Google search engine

Most Popular