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Exposure to artificial light at night and risk of cancer

[Reading level: C1 – Advanced]

The modern world is bathed in light. From city streets illuminated by streetlamps to smartphones and tablets that glow in our bedrooms, artificial light at night (ALAN) has become an inescapable part of daily life. While this phenomenon has undoubtedly made human activity more flexible and efficient, growing evidence suggests that prolonged exposure to ALAN could carry significant health risks, including an increased risk of cancer.

 

The circadian rhythm and its importance

To understand why artificial light exposure may contribute to cancer risk, it is essential to first grasp the concept of the circadian rhythm. The human body operates on a roughly 24-hour internal clock, or circadian rhythm, which is influenced by the natural light-dark cycle. This rhythm regulates various physiological processes, including hormone production, metabolism, and sleep cycles. Central to this system is the production of melatonin, a hormone released by the pineal gland in response to darkness.

 

Melatonin plays a crucial role in maintaining the body’s sleep-wake cycle, but it also possesses antioxidant properties and contributes to immune function. One of melatonin’s most important roles in cancer prevention is its ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and suppress tumor formation. Therefore, disrupting melatonin production through excessive exposure to artificial light at night could impair the body’s natural cancer defenses.

 

How artificial light disrupts the circadian rhythm

ALAN interferes with the body’s ability to produce melatonin. Even relatively dim light, such as the glow from an electronic screen, can suppress melatonin production. This suppression can occur quickly and lasts for hours, potentially delaying sleep and disrupting the circadian rhythm.

 

The problem becomes particularly pronounced in people who work night shifts or frequently stay up late in artificially lit environments. These individuals may experience a chronic disruption of their circadian rhythms, which has been associated with an increased risk of several health issues, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and cancer.

 

ALAN and cancer risk: the evidence

Several epidemiological studies have investigated the connection between artificial light at night and cancer risk, particularly breast and prostate cancers. These two types of cancer are hormonally dependent, meaning that hormonal disruptions such as those caused by melatonin suppression could play a critical role in their development.

 

A study published in Environmental Health Perspectives in 2017, for instance, found that women living in areas with high levels of outdoor artificial light at night had a higher risk of breast cancer compared to women living in darker areas. Night shift workers, particularly nurses, have been of particular interest to researchers because of their chronic exposure to light at night. A meta-analysis in Occupational and Environmental Medicine reviewed several studies and concluded that women who worked night shifts had a 19% higher risk of developing breast cancer compared to those who didn’t.

 

Men may not be immune to these effects either. A 2016 study in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention linked high levels of outdoor ALAN to an increased risk of prostate cancer. Similar to breast cancer, the disruption of melatonin and other hormones is suspected to be a contributing factor.

 

The role of blue light

Not all artificial light is equally harmful. Blue light, which is emitted from electronic devices and energy-efficient LED lighting, is particularly disruptive to melatonin production. Research suggests that exposure to blue light before bed may be the most detrimental to sleep and circadian regulation. Since many people use smartphones, tablets, and computers before sleeping, the exposure to blue light has become a growing concern for both sleep quality and cancer risk.

 

Preventive measures and mitigating risk

While the research linking artificial light exposure to cancer is still evolving, the evidence points to a potential risk that warrants precautionary steps. Reducing exposure to artificial light at night is a simple yet effective way to mitigate this risk.

 

Some recommended measures include:

  • Using dim, warm lighting in the evening, which emits less blue light compared to cool or white lighting.
  • Limiting screen time before bed and using blue light filters on electronic devices.
  • Installing blackout curtains to block outdoor light, especially in urban areas.
  • Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule to support a healthy circadian rhythm.
  • For those who work night shifts, using bright light therapy during the day and darkness therapy during sleep hours may help reset the circadian clock.

 

WORD BANK:

bathed in sth (adj): ngập tràn cái gì

illuminate (v): chiếu sáng

artificial (adj): nhân tạo

phenomenon (n): hiện tượng

undoubtedly (adv): rõ ràng

prolonged (adj): kéo dài

exposure to sth (n): sự tiếp xúc với cái gì

grasp (v): nắm được, hiểu được cái gì

circadian rhythm (n): nhịp sinh học

regulate (v): điều chỉnh

metabolism (n): trao đổi chất

pineal gland (n): tuyến tùng

possess (v): có, sở hữu

antioxidant (n, adj): chống oxy hóa

property (n): tính chất, đặc tính

inhibit sth (v): ức chế cái gì

suppress sth (v): kìm nén, đàn áp, ngăn chặn cái gì

tumor (n): khối u

impair sth (v): làm suy giảm, làm yếu đi cái gì

dim (adj): mờ (ánh sáng)

glow (n): ánh sáng

particularly (adv): đặc biệt, cực kỳ

pronounced (adj): nghiêm trọng

work night shifts (v): làm việc ca đêm

chronic (adj): mãn tính

epidemiological (adj): dịch tễ học

breast cancer (n): ung thư vú

prostate cancer (n): ung thư tuyến tiền liệt

immune to sth (adj): miễn nhiễm trước cái gì

emit (v): phát ra

disruptive (adj): có tính gây gián đoạn

detrimental (adj): có hại

warrant sth (v): khiến cho cái gì trở nên quan trọng, cần có, đòi hỏi cái gì

precautionary (adj): mang tính phòng ngừa

mitigate (v): giảm thiểu


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